LibreMediaConverter/docs/api-37-emulator-crash.md

API 37 on the emulator: a guest gralloc bug that only the host GL renderer triggers

Status: the bug is real and still open upstream, but the previous diagnosis in this file was wrong about its most important detail. The renderer decides whether API 37 boots, and once it boots, disabling SystemUI collapses the crash rate far enough to run a suite — tools/local-emulator/run-e2e.sh 37 gets through the whole instrumented suite and comes back with 2 failures, 0 errors and the two by-design skips (measured 49 / 2 / 0 / 2 at 22c7914, where the suite was 49 tests — Reading these totals before comparing any total with another). The crashes do not stop outright, and the two failures are real; both are quantified below. CI now takes API 37 as two jobs — a gating leg and an advisory one for those two failures — see So should CI take API 37?. Last verified: 2026-08-22, emulator 37.1.11.0 (build 15917651), Fedora 44, against system images android-37.0 rev 6 and android-37.1 rev 8.

The correction

This file previously said, under "What was ruled out":

GPU mode. Both swiftshader_indirect and host crash, with the same assertion and the same frames. The crash is in the gralloc mapper, below the renderer.

That is wrong. The mapper is below the renderer, but whether the mapper's bad path is reached is not. Re-measured on 2026-08-22, seven runs, one variable at a time:

#	system image	-gpu	GLES the emulator chose	booted?	surfaceflinger aborts
r01	android-37.0 rev 6	host	host (Mesa Iris Xe)	no, 422 s	71, looping
r02	android-37.1 rev 8	host	host (Mesa Iris Xe)	no, 362 s	65, looping
r03	android-37.0 rev 6	swangle_indirect	ANGLE	yes, 85 s	1
r04	android-37.0 rev 6	host + -feature -GLDMA,-GLDMA2,-GLDirectMem	host	no, 363 s	57, looping
r05	android-37.0 rev 6	angle_indirect	ANGLE	yes, 112 s	2
r06	android-37.1 rev 8	swangle_indirect	ANGLE	yes, 285 s	23
r07	android-37.0 rev 6	host + -feature -HostComposition	host	no, wedged adb at 208 s	not readable

The discriminator is exact across all seven: a run boots if and only if the emulator log says something other than gles_mode_selected:host.

One caveat about how independent those rows are, because the table flatters itself. -gpu angle_indirect (r05) and -gpu swangle_indirect (r03) both logged gles_mode_selected:swangle and both reported the same adapter, differing only in the Vulkan backend beneath (vulkan_mode_selected:lavapipe against swiftshader). So they are closer to one GLES path reached two ways than to two renderers agreeing — note that at API 33–36 docs/local-emulator.md records angle_indirect resolving to ANGLE on llvmpipe, a genuinely different adapter, which it did not do here. What is 7-for-7 is the host-GLES-versus-not split, not "two independent renderers both work".

# r01, r02, r04, r07 -- never boots
INFO | emuglConfig_init: vulkan_mode_selected:host gles_mode_selected:host
INFO | Graphics Adapter Android Emulator OpenGL ES Translator (Mesa Intel(R) Iris(R) Xe Graphics (TGL GT2))

# r03, r05, r06 -- boots
INFO | emuglConfig_init: vulkan_mode_selected:swiftshader gles_mode_selected:swangle
INFO | Graphics Adapter Android Emulator OpenGL ES Translator (ANGLE (Google, Vulkan 1.2.0
     | (SwiftShader Device (Subzero) (0x0000C0DE)), SwiftShader driver-5.0.0))

Why the wrong claim looked right

It rested on two samples of two different things, and neither of them was ANGLE.

• The local swiftshader_indirect sample was void. On this workstation every SwiftShader-GLES launch segfaults the host emulator before the guest matters at all — SELinux denies execheap to SwiftShader's Reactor JIT. That is docs/local-emulator.md, and it was not yet understood when this file was written. So "swiftshader_indirect crashes" was true, for an entirely unrelated reason, and told you nothing about the gralloc assertion.
• The CI sample was one swiftshader_indirect run on a GPU-less ubuntu-latest, and the local sample was one -gpu host run. Two renderers, one measurement each, and the pair written up as "both GPU modes".

angle_indirect and swangle_indirect — the two modes that work — had never been tried on API 37. Neither had a second system image.

The lesson is the same one docs/local-emulator.md ends on, which makes it worth repeating: "both backends fail" is a claim about a matrix, and a matrix needs cells, not inference. Two observations of two different configurations do not establish anything about a third.

What the bug actually is

surfaceflinger aborts inside the emulator's own gralloc mapper:

Executable:    /system/bin/surfaceflinger
signal 6 (SIGABRT), code -1 (SI_QUEUE), tid: RegionSampling
Abort message: 'Assertion failed: !rcEnc->featureInfo()->hasReadColorBufferDma'

  #03  /vendor/lib64/hw/mapper.ranchu.so  GoldfishMapper::readFromHost(cb_handle_t const&) const+543
  #04  /vendor/lib64/hw/mapper.ranchu.so  GoldfishMapper::GoldfishMapper()::'lambda'(...)::__invoke+704
  #05  /system/lib64/libui.so             android::Gralloc5Mapper::lock(...)+63
  #06  /system/lib64/libui.so             android::GraphicBufferMapper::lock(...)+198
  #07  /system/lib64/libui.so             android::GraphicBuffer::lockAsync(...)+545
  #08  /system/lib64/libui.so             android::GraphicBuffer::lock(...)+67
  #09  /system/bin/surfaceflinger         android::RegionSamplingThread::threadMain()+2571

RegionSamplingThread is SystemUI's nav-bar luma sampling. It locks a GraphicBuffer for CPU read; that routes through the Gralloc5 mapper into GoldfishMapper::readFromHost, which is the non-DMA readback path and asserts that the host has not negotiated ReadColorBufferDma. The host always has, so the assert fires whenever that path is taken.

Two facts pin down what "always" means:

• The capability is negotiated regardless of renderer. The evidence is the aborts themselves: the assertion that fires is !hasReadColorBufferDma, and it fires under ANGLE (r03/r05/r06) as well as under the host translator — just far less often. That is a direct observation of the guest having negotiated DMA readback under both, and it stands alone. (Supporting only, and weaker than it first looks: ANDROID_EMU_read_color_buffer_dma appears in exactly one file in the SDK, emulator/lib64/libgfxstream_backend.so, which every -gpu mode goes through. A string search establishes where the extension is implemented, not that it is negotiated on every path.)
• It is not gated by any feature flag the emulator exposes. See the ruled-out list below.

So the renderer does not decide whether the guest believes DMA readback exists. It decides how often RegionSamplingThread ends up in readFromHost — which under the host GL translator is constantly, and under ANGLE is occasionally.

Why one abort takes down the whole device

surfaceflinger is a critical service. When it dies, init kills the framework with it:

08-22 21:40:28.253 I/init: Sending SIGKILL to service 'zygote' (pid 470) process group...
08-22 21:40:28.260 I/init: Service 'zygote' (pid 470) received SIGKILL

Everything above zygote goes with it, which is why the symptoms look nothing like a graphics bug. Under -gpu host the cycle repeats every five to seven seconds forever and sys.boot_completed is never set. Under ANGLE the aborts are sparse enough that the boot usually completes between them — but they do not stop, and each one is a framework restart. That is the difference between "boots" and "is usable", and it is the reason this is not simply fixed by changing the renderer. See Can the suite run on it? below.

Environment

	GitHub Actions	Local workstation
Host	ubuntu-latest, no GPU	Fedora 44, Intel Iris Xe (TGL GT2), kernel 7.1.8-200.fc44
Emulator	37.1.11.0 (build 15917651)	37.1.11.0 (build 15917651)
GPU mode measured	swiftshader_indirect	host, angle_indirect, swangle_indirect

Images, both reproducing it:

system-images;android-37.0;google_apis;x86_64          Pkg.Revision=6   ApiLevel=37.0  ExtensionLevel=22
  fingerprint google/sdk_gphone64_x86_64/emu64xa:17/CE2A.260420.019/15611780:userdebug/dev-keys
system-images;android-37.1;google_apis_ps16k;x86_64    Pkg.Revision=8   ApiLevel=37.1  ExtensionLevel=23
  ro.build.version.codename=REL   (a release image, not a preview)

Note the ps16k in the second one — it is not optional, and it is why the 37.1 result is interpretable. From API 37.1 onward Google ships only 16 KB-page x86_64 images; there is no plain google_apis variant to pick. sdkmanager --list for 37.1 and 37.2-beta* offers nothing but google_apis_ps16k and google_apis_playstore_ps16k. That makes page-size alignment a prerequisite rather than a detail: a .so that is not 16 KB aligned will not load on such a guest, and the resulting failure looks like an app bug. Checked before the first ps16k boot, using the same test build.yml applies to release APKs — all 20 libraries in the committed bin/ffmpeg-kit-next-8.1.1.aar, both ABIs, report 0x4000:

$ for f in jni/*/*.so; do readelf -lW "$f" | awk '$1=="LOAD"{print $NF}' | sort -u; done
0x4000   (x20: libavcodec, libavdevice, libavfilter, libavformat, libavutil,
          libc++_shared, libffmpegkit, libffmpegkit_abidetect, libswresample, libswscale
          -- arm64-v8a and x86_64)

So when android-37.1 reproduced the abort, that was the gralloc bug and not a page-size mismatch. image_pkg_for_api in tools/local-emulator/run-e2e.sh encodes the ps16k tag for 37.1; if this ever fails after an FFmpeg rebuild, re-run the alignment check first.

What was ruled out, and how

A newer system image. This file's own revisit trigger was "a new android-37.0 system image revision ships (this was revision 6)". That trigger was written too narrowly and would never have fired: android-37.0 is still revision 6, but Google shipped a whole new minor level. android-37.1 google_apis_ps16k revision 8 — a REL build, not a beta — was installed and tested (r02, r06) and behaves identically: same assertion, same frames, never boots under -gpu host, and worse under ANGLE (23 aborts to 37.0's 1). android-37.2-beta3 exists too but was not needed; two independent images agreeing settles it, and a beta could not be used by CI anyway.

An ATD image. Still does not exist for API 37. sdkmanager --list offers aosp_atd and google_atd for API 30 through 36 and nothing above:

system-images;android-36;google_atd;x86_64 | 1 | Google APIs ATD Intel x86_64 Atom System Image
(no android-37 ATD of any kind)

For API 37 the only x86_64 images are google_apis, google_apis_playstore, their ps16k 16 KB-page variants, and Wear OS. Check again when revisiting.

The DMA feature flags. GLDMA alone was ruled out previously; GLDMA2 and GLDirectMem were not, and the per-image advancedFeatures.ini turns all three on. Disabling all three together (r04) is accepted by the emulator and changes nothing:

INFO | Feature 'GLDMA' (51) is overridden to 'disabled'
INFO | Feature 'GLDMA2' (52) is overridden to 'disabled'
INFO | Feature 'GLDirectMem' (53) is overridden to 'disabled'
... 57 surfaceflinger aborts, device never boots

Host composition. -feature -HostComposition (r07) was the best remaining guess at what forces the readback. It did not help; it made things worse, wedging adb entirely at 208 s so the crash buffer could not even be read. Recorded as inconclusive rather than ruled out, because no evidence came back from it.

Guest feature negotiation differing from API 36. It does not. The image-level advancedFeatures.ini for android-37.0 is byte-identical to android-36's except for one unrelated line:

$ diff android-36/google_apis/x86_64/advancedFeatures.ini android-37.0/google_apis/x86_64/advancedFeatures.ini
+QemuCameraSensorOrientation = on

GLDMA, GLDMA2, GLDirectMem, GrallocSync, HostComposition and YUVCache are on in both. API 36 boots and passes. So nothing about the host/guest feature handshake changed — the regression is in the guest's Gralloc5 mapper or in what API 37's RegionSamplingThread asks of it, not in what the emulator advertises.

Guest memory. Ruled out previously and not revisited; every run above used hw.ramSize=2560, the same value the E2E matrix pins, and none of them OOMed.

A host-side crash. Not this bug, and worth stating because the other emulator failure on this workstation is host-side. Every run above left coredumpctl empty and produced zero avc: denied lines, and the qemu process was still alive at the end of the ones that never booted (emulator_alive=yes). The host emulator is fine; the guest is not.

Can the suite run on it?

Almost. tools/local-emulator/run-e2e.sh 37 now runs the whole suite locally, and all of it passes except two tests. Measured at 22c7914: 49 tests, 2 failures, 0 errors, 2 skipped — 45 passed, the two Media3EngineTest failures dissected below, and the two assumeTrue skips every level has. It costs two deviations from how every other level is run, and both are worth understanding before trusting the leg.

Two things about that total before it is compared with anything. It is the size of the suite on the checkout that ran, not a property of API 37 — app/src/androidTest held 49 @Test methods at 22c7914, and a newer checkout reports its own count; see Reading these totals. And the Pixel has never run 49: its green run was 40 / 0 / 0 / 2 at edd6385, the same suite nine tests earlier. What compares across the two is two failures against none, and the same two skips — not the totals.

The same numbers and the same two test names came back twice, which is real corroboration — but by two different routes, and only one of them is the harness. The first was driven by hand (pm disable-user, then several minutes of incidental framework restarts, then e2e-run.sh directly); the second went through disable_region_sampling's stop; start. The harness path itself has one green measurement. What would make this routine is a second consecutive run-e2e.sh 37 whose only failures are the same two.

Booting is not the same as being usable

Changing the renderer gets the device to sys.boot_completed=1, and that is all it gets you. The aborts do not stop, and each one is a framework restart. A five-minute test run does not survive that. What it looks like from Gradle:

Shell command failed (1): rm -rf "/sdcard/Android/media/org.libremediaconverter/..."
    rm: ...: Transport endpoint is not connected
Starting 0 tests on lmc_e2e_api37(AVD) - 17
Shell command failed (20): am get-current-user
    cmd: Can't find service: activity
Device emulator-5572 failed to uninstall test APK org.libremediaconverter.
    [cmd: Can't find service: package]
Test run failed to complete. No test results.
    onError: commandError=false message=INSTRUMENTATION_ABORTED: System has crashed.

Measured idle rate on android-37.0 under swangle_indirect: 10 aborts in 150 s, then 11 more in the next 150 s. Steady, not a start-up transient.

The fix is to remove the region-sampling listener, not to survive it

RegionSamplingThread exists only because SystemUI registers a nav-bar luma-sampling listener. Take SystemUI away and the thread is never started, so the mapper's bad path is never called:

$ adb shell pm disable-user --user 0 com.android.systemui
Package com.android.systemui new state: disabled-user

=== aborts at start of measurement: 36
=== idle 180s with SystemUI disabled ===
=== aborts after: 36   NEW IN WINDOW: 0
--- services still up? ---
  activity   Service activity: found
  package    Service package: found
  window     Service window: found

Zero in 180 s, against 10–11 per 150 s. That is the strongest evidence that region sampling is the dominant trigger, and it is worth recording even by someone who never wants the workaround. It does not establish it as the only trigger: the paragraph below has an abort surviving the disable, and nothing measured here says whether that residue is a second caller of the readback path or a disable that did not fully take.

Do not read that as "the crashes stop", though, because the harness path does not reproduce a clean zero. Its own post-disable check on the run recorded below printed

  quiet check: 1 new surfaceflinger aborts in 45 s (want 0)
  surfaceflinger hasReadColorBufferDma aborts: 4     (whole run)

So what is reliably achieved is a rate collapse — from roughly one abort every fourteen seconds to one every forty-five — which a 47-second Gradle run survives and a five-minute one might not. The 180-second zero above is one measurement on a device that had been up for twelve minutes and had already cycled its framework several times. The harness prints the quiet-check delta on every run precisely so this is visible rather than assumed.

One ordering detail cost a whole run and is now encoded in disable_region_sampling: by the time sys.boot_completed flips, SystemUI has already registered, and pm disable-user does not retract an existing registration — it only stops the package being started again. Disabling it and proceeding straight to the tests fails exactly as before. The harness therefore does stop; start afterwards, so the framework that comes back never starts SystemUI at all.

The two deviations, stated plainly

1. The renderer is ANGLE, not the host GPU. Shared with nothing else in the matrix — API 33–36 run -gpu host locally, and CI runs swiftshader_indirect.
2. SystemUI is disabled. The API 37 leg does not run the same device configuration as any other leg or as the Pixel. It is defensible here only because nothing in this suite touches system UI — these are Media3, FFmpeg and WorkManager tests — and because the alternative is no local API 37 coverage at all. Anything that ever does depend on system UI must not trust this leg.

The two remaining failures are the same bug, one layer down

org.libremediaconverter.convert.Media3EngineTest > runsFromAThreadWithNoLooper          FAILED
org.libremediaconverter.convert.Media3EngineTest > transcodesH264ToH265AndReportsProgress FAILED

androidx.media3.transformer.ExportException: Codec exception:
    CodecInfo{type=VideoDecoder, ..., mime=video/avc, name=c2.goldfish.h264.decoder}
  at androidx.media3.transformer.DefaultCodec.maybeDequeueOutputBuffer(DefaultCodec.java:398)
Caused by: android.media.MediaCodec$CodecException:
  at android.media.MediaCodec.native_dequeueOutputBuffer(Native Method)

Three measurements say this is the emulator image and not this app, and not the software renderer. A fourth bullet offers a mechanism, and is inference rather than measurement:

• Control at API 35 under the identical renderer. GPU_MODE=swangle_indirect tools/local-emulator/run-e2e.sh 35 → 49 / 0 / 0 / 2 at 22c7914, green. c2.goldfish.h264.decoder is perfectly happy under ANGLE one API level down, so the renderer is not what breaks it.

• Real API 37 hardware passes, see below. There is no c2.goldfish.* codec on a Pixel.

• API 36 against API 37 on CI, back to back, everything else held. Same two tests, same -gpu swiftshader_indirect, same SystemUI-disable path — pm disable-user, stop, wait for system_server to actually be gone, start, then verify against pm list packages -d. Both runs were narrowed to the two failing tests:

  -Pandroid.testInstrumentationRunnerArguments.class=\
    org.libremediaconverter.convert.Media3EngineTest#transcodesH264ToH265AndReportsProgress,\
    org.libremediaconverter.convert.Media3EngineTest#runsFromAThreadWithNoLooper
  

  and the filter is confirmed three independent ways: tests="2" in the XML, Expected 2 tests in the abort message, and run started: 2 tests in the guest logcat.

  run	api	result XML
  32660148155	37.0	tests="2" failures="2" errors="0" skipped="0"
  32660152961	36	tests="2" failures="0" errors="0" skipped="0" time="4.603"

  API 37 fails with the signature above — name=c2.goldfish.h264.decoder, MediaCodec$CodecException at dequeueOutputBuffer(MediaCodec.java:4274). API 36 passes both in 4.603 s, and c2.goldfish.h264.decoder is in its logcat too (44 mentions), so the two runs are not being served by different decoder names. What this falsifies is "the stripped configuration is what breaks these tests" — a reading none of the other measurements addresses, because they all compare against a device that still had SystemUI. Here SystemUI is absent and the framework has been restarted on both sides, and the healthy image is green anyway.

  Two things it does not control, which is why it narrows the claim rather than closing it:

  • The restarts were not performed under equal conditions. API 36 did its stop/start with dma_aborts=0; API 37's did the same restart with two aborts already logged. "A framework restart performed while the abort loop is running" therefore remains uncontrolled.
  • The images differ on the encoder side. These tests transcode H.264 → H.265. The API 37 logcat carries c2.goldfish.hevc.decoder (16 mentions in the control run) where API 36 carries c2.android.hevc.encoder (32). The pipeline is not identical end to end, which is a second reason "the image ships a broken h264 decoder" is the wrong shape of claim: what is measured is that these two tests fail on the API 37 image, pass at API 36 under the same renderer and the same disable path, and pass at 33–36 without needing that path at all — because nothing below 37 has the bug it works around.

• The failing call is dequeueOutputBuffer on the goldfish decoder — the emulator's own codec, which like RegionSamplingThread gets its frames out of a host-side colour buffer. Same readback machinery, one layer down. This is inference rather than a measurement, and is flagged as such; what is measured is the first three bullets.

Do not try -feature -HardwareDecoder. It is the obvious next idea and it is much worse: forcing the guest onto software decoders took the run from 2 failures to 46, across RemuxTest, ForcedFailureTest, HardwareFallbackTest and UnopenableUriTest as well. The suite depends on those decoders existing.

The intact-SystemUI counterfactual cannot be measured on CI

The control the block above still lacks is the obvious one: run those same two tests at API 37 with SystemUI left running. Passing would put the failure on the disable rather than on the image; failing on the decoder would make the decoder attribution direct instead of inferred.

Seven dispatches of api37-debug.yml, zero verdicts. Not bad luck — a mechanism, which is why this is written down rather than left as a gap for the next person to spend seven runs on:

arm	run	result XML	what actually happened
E1	32660528355	tests="1" failures="1", <failure> body empty	Expected 2 tests, received 0. INSTRUMENTATION_ABORTED: System has crashed.
E2	32660533845	tests="0"	never installed: Failed to commit install session ... Failure calling service package: Broken pipe (32)
E3	32660539259	tests="0"	Test run failed to complete. No test results.
E4	32661117237	tests="2" failures="2"	both failed in @Before, never reached MediaCodec
E5	32661121972	tests="2" failures="2"	same
S1	32661127224	tests="1" failures="1"	same, single-test arm
S2	32661132024	tests="1" failures="1"	same

While the framework is crash-looping, the guest cannot reliably create per-user private directories. An app installed during the loop has no cache directory — and Media3EngineTest copies its H.264 fixture into context.cacheDir in @Before, so it dies there, before any MediaCodec exists:

W/ContextImpl( 8216): Failed to ensure /data/user/0/org.libremediaconverter/cache
I/TestRunner( 8216): run started: 1 tests
E/TestRunner( 8216): failed: transcodesH264ToH265AndReportsProgress(...)
E/TestRunner( 8216): java.io.FileNotFoundException:
  /data/user/0/org.libremediaconverter/cache/sample_h264.mp4: open failed: ENOENT
  at org.libremediaconverter.convert.Media3EngineTest.setUp(Media3EngineTest.kt:47)

Not app-specific: com.google.android.googlesdksetup and com.google.android.apps.nexuslauncher hit the same Failed to ensure /data/user/0/<pkg>/cache in the same logcats.

The result XML masks this, and reading only the report gets you the wrong bug. What E4, E5, S1 and S2 report is

<failure>kotlin.UninitializedPropertyAccessException: lateinit property output has not been initialized
at org.libremediaconverter.convert.Media3EngineTest.tearDown(Media3EngineTest.kt:56)

— tearDown failing because setUp threw before it assigned output. That looks like a teardown defect in this repository and is not one; the cause is only in the guest logcat.

So the obstacle is structural: install, data-directory creation and instrumentation start-up do not fit between framework kills, and four of the seven runs show the directory creation itself is broken during the loop. More dispatches of this shape would repeat these outcomes. The counterfactual is still open on the Pixel 10 Pro XL, the one API 37 device here that is not an emulator — but a Pixel has no c2.goldfish.* codec at all, so it answers "does the app work at API 37", not "is that codec broken".

Abort cadence, corrected

.github/workflows/api37-debug.yml carried "roughly every 20 s" for the kill cycle in its own comments. That number was the watchdog's sampling interval, not the cadence, and the two got conflated. Measured across the seven runs above, gaps between successive hasReadColorBufferDma aborts run 20 s to 90 s, median 60–70 s — three to five aborts in a four-minute window. Slower than assumed, and still not slow enough: install, data-directory creation and instrumentation start-up do not fit inside one gap.

sys.boot_completed held at 1 throughout every one of those test windows. The device reports itself booted while zygote is being killed under it, which is why no boot-state check catches this and why stop/start waits must poll pidof system_server and service check instead (see disable_region_sampling in tools/local-emulator/run-e2e.sh).

So should CI take API 37?

Yes, as two jobs: a gating E2E API 37 and an advisory leg carrying the two tests that do not pass. That reverses the answer this section gave, and the reversal is measured rather than argued — two of its three reasons were claims about CI, and CI had never been measured. The instrument that measured it is .github/workflows/api37-debug.yml, dispatch-only, a copy of the E2E job with the matrix replaced by inputs.

Every run below is ubuntu-latest, KVM on, pixel_6, x86_64, disk 8G, RAM 2560M, emulator 37.1.11.0 build 15917651 — the same emulator build the local investigation used. Every API 37 row is system-images;android-37.0;google_apis;x86_64; c2 is the API 36 control and runs that level's own image, which is the whole point of it.

#	run	api	-gpu	SystemUI	suite	verdict
c1	32644947334	37.0	swiftshader_indirect	running	Starting 0 tests	FAIL
c2	32644965828	36	swiftshader_indirect	running	57 tests, BUILD SUCCESSFUL	green control
c3	32644970240	37.0	swangle_indirect	running	Starting 0 tests	FAIL
c5	32645543238	37.0	swangle_indirect	disabled	57 / 2 / 0 / 2	suite ran
c6	32646029143	37.0	swiftshader_indirect	one-shot disable, did not hold	Starting 0 tests	FAIL
c8	32646611485	37.0	swiftshader_indirect	disabled, verified	57 / 2 / 0 / 2	suite ran
c9	32646615706	37.0	swiftshader_indirect	disabled, verified	57 / 2 / 0 / 2	suite ran
c10	32646619472	37.0	swiftshader_indirect	disabled, verified	57 / 2 / 0 / 2	suite ran
c11	32647138060	37.0	swiftshader_indirect	disabled, verified	57 / 2 / 0 / 2	suite ran

57 is that checkout's own @Test count at acc71bc, so those are whole-suite runs and not truncated ones — see Reading these totals. Taking the three old reasons in turn:

1. "Nothing says a runner would be stable" — measured, and it is. -gpu swiftshader_indirect on a GPU-less runner resolves to gles_mode_selected:swiftshader, a third renderer that locally never survives to say anything (Fedora's SELinux denies execheap to SwiftShader's Reactor JIT — see local-emulator.md). It boots android-37.0 in about 60 s. The local discriminator — fatal iff gles_mode_selected:host — holds, and a runner with no GPU can never select host, so CI was never in the fatal class. Switching CI's -gpu changes nothing either way: c1 and c3 both fail with SystemUI up, under swiftshader and swangle respectively, and c5 and c8–c11 show the suite running under either once SystemUI is gone.
2. "Bespoke device surgery" — still true, and now a written caveat rather than a reason to skip the level. It is one env flag, E2E_DISABLE_SYSTEM_UI, read by .github/scripts/e2e-run.sh and unset on every other leg. What it costs is stated where it can be read from the failing check: the API 37 row runs a device configuration no other leg and no Pixel run uses. What makes it dependable is verification, not repetition — c6 is the counter-case, a one-shot pm disable-user that reported new state: disabled-user and then started SystemUI eight more times. The verified form is 4/4; the unverified form was 3/4.
3. "Permanently red or permanently allow-listed" — this was the real objection, and it is the one the split answers. The two failures are marked @FailsOnEmulatorApi37 in app/src/androidTest. The gating job runs notAnnotation on that marker and must be green; the advisory job runs annotation on the same marker, reports, and never blocks. One marker rather than two lists, so a test cannot silently end up in neither job — which would read as green.

The cost is about three minutes on the API 37 leg — the stop/start plus a 45 s quiet window, and another round when the first does not verify. Measured wall clock for the whole job, boot included: 6–7 minutes at API 37 against ~6 at API 36.

Two things this does not buy. The advisory job is expected red, so a third failure there is the signal and the run's logcat is the only thing that distinguishes it — which is why that job uploads diagnostics unconditionally. And a green E2E API 37 still does not replace the release check on the Pixel: the emulator leg runs without SystemUI, and the Pixel does not.

The local story changed at the same time and independently: API 37 is no longer a level nobody can look at. A regression that shows up at 37 and not at 36 can be reproduced on this workstation in about four minutes.

Verified on real API 37 hardware

Unchanged and still true. On 2026-08-21 the whole instrumented suite ran green on a physical device:

Device:  Pixel 10 Pro XL (mustang), arm64-v8a
Build:   google/mustang/mustang:17/CP2A.260805.005/15828068:user/release-keys
API:     37 (Android 17, codename REL -- a release build, not a preview)

./gradlew :app:connectedDebugAndroidTest -PabiFilters=arm64-v8a
  40 tests, 0 failures, 0 errors, 2 skipped        BUILD SUCCESSFUL

That "40" is a measurement of the tree it ran on, not a baseline for today, and it is not a contradiction of the totals in docs/local-emulator.md either.

Reading these totals

Every total in this file and in docs/local-emulator.md is the size of app/src/androidTest on the checkout that produced it, and nothing else. The reported total has equalled that checkout's @Test count everywhere it has been checked:

checkout	@Test methods	total the run reported
edd6385	40	40 — the Pixel run above
22c7914	49	49 — the four local levels, and API 37
18c53a3	57	not run

So the number to expect is not written down here. It is derived from the checkout in front of you, which is the only thing that cannot go stale:

grep -rho '@Test' app/src/androidTest | wc -l

Before each release, run the suite on the Pixel 10 Pro XL and expect that many tests, 0 failures, 0 errors, 2 skipped. The failure, error and skip counts are the invariant; the total is not. A total that disagrees with your own checkout's count is the signal — an old checkout, a stale build, or tests that never ran — and it is worth stopping on either way.

The two skips are RealMediaBenchmark.hardwareVersusSoftwareOnRealVideo and av1InputRoutesAccordingToDeviceDecodeSupport, which assumeTrue their sample files are present and skip when they are not. That is by design and unrelated to API level.

One harmless warning appears during the run and can be ignored: No UID for androidx.test.services in user 0, from an appops call the test services package makes before it is fully registered.

Reproducing it

Both halves, so the renderer claim can be checked rather than taken on trust:

export ANDROID_HOME="$HOME/Android/Sdk"
export PATH="$ANDROID_HOME/platform-tools:$ANDROID_HOME/emulator:$ANDROID_HOME/cmdline-tools/latest/bin:$PATH"

sdkmanager --install "system-images;android-37.0;google_apis;x86_64"
echo no | avdmanager create avd -n api37_repro \
    -k "system-images;android-37.0;google_apis;x86_64" -d pixel_6 --force

# never boots -- surfaceflinger aborts every ~6 s, forever
emulator -avd api37_repro -no-window -gpu host \
    -noaudio -no-boot-anim -camera-back none -no-snapshot &

# boots in ~85 s, having aborted once or twice on the way
emulator -avd api37_repro -no-window -gpu swangle_indirect \
    -noaudio -no-boot-anim -camera-back none -no-snapshot &

Count the aborts either way:

adb -s emulator-5554 logcat -d -b crash | grep -c hasReadColorBufferDma

Under -gpu host, sys.boot_completed never reaches 1, pgrep -f system_server stays empty, and keystore2's watchdog logs await_boot_completed ... Overdue indefinitely.

tools/local-emulator/run-e2e.sh 37 does all of this, with the working renderer picked automatically — see gpu_for_api in that file.

Filing this upstream

Not yet filed. The report is stronger than it was, because the renderer dependency narrows it:

1. Go to https://issuetracker.google.com/, Report an issue, and pick the Android emulator component (search the component picker for "Emulator"; Android Studio's Help → Submit Feedback opens the same tracker with it preselected).
2. Title it for the mechanism: surfaceflinger aborts in GoldfishMapper::readFromHost (hasReadColorBufferDma) on android-37.0 and android-37.1 x86_64 -- fatal under -gpu host, intermittent under ANGLE.
3. Paste the assertion and backtrace, the environment block, and the seven-row matrix. The matrix is the valuable part: it shows the abort is not renderer-specific but its frequency is, which points at the readback path rather than at any one GL implementation.
4. State that it reproduces on two independent system images (37.0 rev 6 and 37.1 rev 8) and on two unrelated hosts, and that -feature -GLDMA,-GLDMA2,-GLDirectMem does not suppress it.
5. Attach:
   • the guest tombstone, via adb pull /data/tombstones (or the pbtombstone output the crash log names)
   • adb logcat -d -b crash > crash.txt
   • the emulator's own stdout log (-verbose -debug all, redirected)
   • the AVD's config.ini
   • a link to a failing CI job, which shows it on hardware you do not control: https://github.com/JMR-dev/LibreMediaConverter/actions/runs/32545625459/job/96963461184

Record the issue number here once filed.

When to revisit

The old trigger list named "a new android-37.0 revision", which is why nothing ever fired even though a new API level shipped. Watch for these instead:

• any new API 37.x system image, not just a new revision of 37.0 — 37.1 rev 8 and 37.2-beta* already exist, and more will. Test with -gpu host: if it boots, the guest mapper is fixed.
• an ATD image for API 37. Still none as of 2026-08-22. ATD images ship without SystemUI, which is what drives RegionSamplingThread, so one would very likely sidestep the bug entirely. Try it before anything else here.
• the upstream issue being marked fixed.
• E2E API 37 Media3 hardware transcode (advisory) going green. Nothing announces this: the job is continue-on-error, so it fixing itself looks exactly like a check nobody reads quietly ceasing to be red. It is listed here because that makes it the least likely of these triggers to be noticed, not the most. When it happens, delete @FailsOnEmulatorApi37 from the two tests rather than the job — the gating leg picks them back up on its own, and the advisory job then runs nothing and can go.

Correction owed to CLAUDE.md

CLAUDE.md currently says:

• The API 37 image is broken. android-37.0 crash-loops surfaceflinger inside its own gralloc mapper, so every test fails there regardless of this app. docs/api-37-emulator-crash.md records the evidence and the ruled-out fixes; CI's matrix therefore stops at API 36 even though targetSdk is 37.

The first sentence is right, and now under-specified in one direction and over-specified in the other: it is not only android-37.0 (it is 37.1 too), and it does not crash-loop under every renderer. The last clause is now simply false: CI's matrix does not stop at API 36 any more. Proposed replacement, offered for review rather than applied here — CLAUDE.md is left alone deliberately, because several branches touch it:

• The API 37 images crash-loop surfaceflinger under the host GL renderer. Both android-37.0 and android-37.1 abort inside their own gralloc mapper (RegionSamplingThread → GoldfishMapper::readFromHost), and when surfaceflinger dies init SIGKILLs zygote, so the framework restarts under the test run. Under -gpu host it never boots at all; under -gpu swangle_indirect it boots and the aborts merely become intermittent. docs/api-37-emulator-crash.md has the seven-run matrix and the ruled-out list, and tools/local-emulator/run-e2e.sh picks the working renderer per API level. CI takes API 37 as two jobs: a gating E2E API 37 that disables SystemUI first, and an advisory leg carrying the two @FailsOnEmulatorApi37 tests. The gating leg therefore runs a device configuration nothing else does. API 37 still needs a manual check on the Pixel 10 Pro XL before each release — it is the only API 37 run with SystemUI intact.