diff --git a/app/src/androidTest/kotlin/org/libremail/data/sync/GmailBandwidthTrackerInstrumentedTest.kt b/app/src/androidTest/kotlin/org/libremail/data/sync/GmailBandwidthTrackerInstrumentedTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..feb2db3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/src/androidTest/kotlin/org/libremail/data/sync/GmailBandwidthTrackerInstrumentedTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+package org.libremail.data.sync
+
+import androidx.test.ext.junit.runners.AndroidJUnit4
+import kotlinx.coroutines.Dispatchers
+import kotlinx.coroutines.async
+import kotlinx.coroutines.awaitAll
+import kotlinx.coroutines.runBlocking
+import org.junit.Assert.assertEquals
+import org.junit.Assert.assertFalse
+import org.junit.Assert.assertTrue
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+import org.libremail.domain.model.Account
+import org.libremail.domain.model.MailProvider
+
+/**
+ * On-device proof of issue #361's Gmail bandwidth pacing across the CI API matrix. Production feeds
+ * [GmailBandwidthTracker] from `MailRepositoryImpl.prefetchMessage`, which can race across
+ * concurrently-syncing accounts under the real dispatcher, so this proves the tracker's
+ * concurrent-map-backed accounting holds up under genuine concurrent updates on real threads rather
+ * than coroutines-test virtual time (the JVM [GmailBandwidthTrackerTest] covers the day-rollover and
+ * threshold-crossing logic in detail). Also proves [GmailSyncLimits.appliesTo] resolves the real
+ * [MailProvider] presets identically to production. Deliberately mock-free — no `mockk`, no framework
+ * `Context` — the tracker's only collaborator is the real wall clock (mirrors
+ * `BackfillPacerInstrumentedTest`'s mock-free idiom).
+ */
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4::class)
+class GmailBandwidthTrackerInstrumentedTest {
+
+    @Test
+    fun concurrentDownloadsForOneAccountAllLandWithoutLosingAnUpdate() = runBlocking {
+        val tracker = GmailBandwidthTracker()
+        val perTask = 1_000L
+
+        val jobs = (1..CONCURRENT_TASKS).map {
+            async(Dispatchers.Default) { tracker.recordDownload("acct", perTask) }
+        }
+        jobs.awaitAll()
+
+        assertEquals(CONCURRENT_TASKS * perTask, tracker.bytesDownloadedToday("acct"))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun accountsStayIsolatedUnderConcurrentRecording() = runBlocking {
+        val tracker = GmailBandwidthTracker()
+
+        val heavy = async(Dispatchers.Default) {
+            tracker.recordDownload("heavy", GmailSyncLimits.DAILY_DOWNLOAD_BUDGET_BYTES)
+        }
+        val light = async(Dispatchers.Default) { tracker.recordDownload("light", 1L) }
+        heavy.await()
+        light.await()
+
+        assertTrue(tracker.isOverDailyBudget("heavy"))
+        assertFalse(tracker.isOverDailyBudget("light"))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun appliesToResolvesTheRealGmailPresetOnDevice() {
+        val gmail = MailProvider.GMAIL.createAccount("user@gmail.com")
+        val outlook = Account.outlook("user@outlook.com")
+
+        assertTrue(GmailSyncLimits.appliesTo(gmail))
+        assertFalse(GmailSyncLimits.appliesTo(outlook))
+    }
+
+    private companion object {
+        const val CONCURRENT_TASKS = 50
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/src/main/kotlin/org/libremail/data/repository/MailRepositoryImpl.kt b/app/src/main/kotlin/org/libremail/data/repository/MailRepositoryImpl.kt
index 1a0480a..de70bbd 100644
--- a/app/src/main/kotlin/org/libremail/data/repository/MailRepositoryImpl.kt
+++ b/app/src/main/kotlin/org/libremail/data/repository/MailRepositoryImpl.kt
@@ -39,6 +39,8 @@ import org.libremail.data.local.toOutgoingAttachments
 import org.libremail.data.local.toOutgoingAttachmentsJson
 import org.libremail.data.settings.AccountSettingsRepository
 import org.libremail.data.settings.SignatureRepository
+import org.libremail.data.sync.GmailBandwidthTracker
+import org.libremail.data.sync.GmailSyncLimits
 import org.libremail.data.sync.InteractiveImapGate
 import org.libremail.data.sync.MailConnectionFactory
 import org.libremail.data.sync.SendScheduler
@@ -81,6 +83,7 @@ class MailRepositoryImpl @Inject constructor(
     private val signatureRepository: SignatureRepository,
     private val attachmentUriGrants: AttachmentUriGrants,
     private val interactiveGate: InteractiveImapGate,
+    private val bandwidthTracker: GmailBandwidthTracker,
 ) : MailRepository {
 
     // Application-lifetime scope for fire-and-forget server pushes that must outlive the caller — e.g.
@@ -253,7 +256,7 @@ class MailRepositoryImpl @Inject constructor(
                     // fetch just omits that image, leaving a broken <img> rather than failing the open.
                     val file = runCatching {
                         ensureAttachmentFile(messageId, routing.accountId, routing.folder, row.partIndex, row.filename)
-                    }.getOrNull() ?: return@mapNotNull null
+                    }.getOrNull()?.file ?: return@mapNotNull null
                     InlineImage(contentId = row.contentId!!, mimeType = row.mimeType, bytes = file.readBytes())
                 }
             }
@@ -275,11 +278,18 @@ class MailRepositoryImpl @Inject constructor(
                         routing.folder,
                         partIndex,
                         meta?.filename ?: "attachment",
-                    )
+                    ).file
                 }
             }
         }
 
+    /**
+     * [ensureAttachmentFile]'s outcome: the cached [file] plus the bytes actually pulled over the
+     * network THIS call — `0` on a cache hit. [downloadedBytes] feeds Gmail's bandwidth accounting
+     * (issue #361, see [prefetchMessage]); a cache hit costs nothing so it must not be double-counted.
+     */
+    private class AttachmentFetch(val file: File, val downloadedBytes: Long)
+
     /**
      * Returns the on-disk file for one attachment part, downloading and caching it on first use so it
      * then opens instantly and offline. Takes the message's already-resolved account/folder so a batch
@@ -292,16 +302,16 @@ class MailRepositoryImpl @Inject constructor(
         folder: String,
         partIndex: Int,
         filename: String,
-    ): File {
+    ): AttachmentFetch {
         val target = attachmentFile(messageId, partIndex, filename)
         // Reuse a previously downloaded (or pre-fetched) file so it opens instantly and offline.
-        if (target.exists() && target.length() > 0L) return target
+        if (target.exists() && target.length() > 0L) return AttachmentFetch(target, downloadedBytes = 0L)
         val account = accountDao.getById(accountId)?.toDomain() ?: error("Account not found")
         val params = connectionFactory.imapParamsFor(account)
         val downloaded = imapClient.fetchAttachment(params, folder, uidOf(messageId), partIndex)
         target.parentFile?.mkdirs()
         target.outputStream().use { it.write(downloaded.bytes) }
-        return target
+        return AttachmentFetch(target, downloadedBytes = downloaded.bytes.size.toLong())
     }
 
     override suspend fun downloadedAttachmentParts(messageId: String): Set<Int> = withContext(Dispatchers.IO) {
@@ -317,12 +327,17 @@ class MailRepositoryImpl @Inject constructor(
     override suspend fun prefetchMessage(messageId: String): Result<Unit> = runCatching {
         val routing = messageDao.getRouting(messageId) ?: return@runCatching
         val account = accountDao.getById(routing.accountId)?.toDomain() ?: return@runCatching
+        // Bytes actually pulled over the network this call (0 on an all-cache-hit prefetch), fed to
+        // Gmail's daily download-budget tracker below (issue #361) — the proactive pacing that composes
+        // with #360's reactive AccountThrottleGate and #356's BackfillPacer without modifying either.
+        var downloadedBytes = 0L
         // Cache the body (peek, so prefetching never marks the message read) and its attachment metadata.
         if (!routing.bodyFetched) {
             val params = connectionFactory.imapParamsFor(account)
             val content = imapClient.fetchBodyPeek(params, routing.folder, uidOf(messageId))
             messageDao.updateBody(messageId, content.body, content.isHtml, Snippet.of(content.body, content.isHtml))
             attachmentDao.replaceForMessage(messageId, content.attachments.map { it.toEntity(messageId) })
+            downloadedBytes += content.body.toByteArray(Charsets.UTF_8).size.toLong()
         }
         // Auto-download every attachment's bytes into the persistent per-part cache (skips ones present).
         // This is BACKGROUND work driven by the backfill, so it goes straight to ensureAttachmentFile and
@@ -338,7 +353,13 @@ class MailRepositoryImpl @Inject constructor(
                     attachment.partIndex,
                     attachment.filename,
                 )
-            }
+            }.getOrNull()?.let { downloadedBytes += it.downloadedBytes }
+        }
+        // Gmail-specific bandwidth accounting (issue #361): only tracked for Gmail, since that is the
+        // only provider whose daily download budget is enforced today (see GmailSyncLimits.appliesTo /
+        // MailBackfiller.prefetchIfEnabled / MailSyncer.prefetchIfEnabled for the deferral this feeds).
+        if (downloadedBytes > 0L && GmailSyncLimits.appliesTo(account)) {
+            bandwidthTracker.recordDownload(account.id, downloadedBytes)
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/app/src/main/kotlin/org/libremail/data/sync/GmailBandwidthTracker.kt b/app/src/main/kotlin/org/libremail/data/sync/GmailBandwidthTracker.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bb556e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/src/main/kotlin/org/libremail/data/sync/GmailBandwidthTracker.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+package org.libremail.data.sync
+
+import org.libremail.reporting.AppLog
+import org.libremail.reporting.accountLogRef
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap
+import javax.inject.Inject
+import javax.inject.Singleton
+
+/**
+ * Per-account, per-day running total of bytes downloaded by background prefetch, tracked against
+ * Gmail's documented [GmailSyncLimits.DAILY_DOWNLOAD_BUDGET_BYTES] (issue #361). The stateful
+ * counterpart to the pure [GmailSyncLimits]:
+ * [org.libremail.data.repository.MailRepositoryImpl.prefetchMessage] feeds it bytes actually pulled
+ * over the network via [recordDownload], and [MailBackfiller] / [MailSyncer] consult
+ * [isOverDailyBudget] before starting a fresh prefetch batch for an account, deferring the rest of the
+ * day's prefetch once the budget is reached.
+ *
+ * **Proactive, not reactive — orthogonal to [AccountThrottleGate].** The #360 gate only fires once a
+ * provider actually rejects a request; this tracker heads that off by pacing our OWN traffic against a
+ * budget Gmail documents but does not necessarily announce hitting. It has the same relationship to
+ * [AccountThrottleGate] that [InteractiveImapGate] already documents having with it: a separate,
+ * composing mechanism, not a duplicate or a replacement.
+ *
+ * **Self-healing.** A day boundary (a wall-clock day number derived from [nowMillis]) resets an
+ * account's tracked total, so a deferred account automatically resumes full prefetch the next day with
+ * no explicit reset needed — mirrors how [AccountThrottleGate]'s backoff window elapses on its own.
+ *
+ * **Interactive traffic is deliberately NOT tracked here.** Only background prefetch (issue #361's
+ * "sync/backfill" scope) feeds this tracker — opening a message, downloading a tapped attachment, and
+ * loading inline images are never deferred by a budget (the same interactive-priority principle
+ * #355/#360 already apply), so counting their bytes here would only make the tracker's *deferral*
+ * decision — which exclusively affects background prefetch — less representative of what it can
+ * actually still influence.
+ *
+ * State lives only in-process (a `@Singleton`); a process restart clears it, which simply means a
+ * fresh process re-earns its budget for the (partial) remainder of the day — a conservative direction
+ * to fail in, same as [AccountThrottleGate]'s reset-on-restart. Every log line is PII-free:
+ * [accountLogRef] for the account, and byte counts only.
+ */
+@Singleton
+class GmailBandwidthTracker internal constructor(private val nowMillis: () -> Long) {
+    /** Production wiring: the real wall clock. */
+    @Inject constructor() : this(nowMillis = System::currentTimeMillis)
+
+    /** One account's running download total for [dayEpoch] (whole days since the epoch). */
+    private data class Window(val dayEpoch: Long, val bytes: Long)
+
+    private val windows = ConcurrentHashMap<String, Window>()
+
+    /**
+     * Adds [bytes] to [accountId]'s running total for today, starting a fresh window if the day has
+     * rolled over since the last call (yesterday's total is simply discarded, not carried forward). A
+     * no-op for `bytes <= 0`. Logs once, PII-free, the moment this call carries the account from under
+     * budget to at-or-over it — not on every call, so an account that stays over budget for the rest of
+     * a sync/backfill pass doesn't spam the log.
+     */
+    fun recordDownload(accountId: String, bytes: Long) {
+        if (bytes <= 0L) return
+        val day = currentDayEpoch()
+        val before = windows[accountId]?.takeIf { it.dayEpoch == day }?.bytes ?: 0L
+        val updated = windows.compute(accountId) { _, previous ->
+            val carried = if (previous != null && previous.dayEpoch == day) previous.bytes else 0L
+            Window(day, carried + bytes)
+        }!!
+        val budget = GmailSyncLimits.DAILY_DOWNLOAD_BUDGET_BYTES
+        if (before < budget && updated.bytes >= budget) {
+            AppLog.w(TAG, "daily download budget reached ${accountLogRef(accountId)}")
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** [accountId]'s tracked download bytes so far today, or 0 when untracked or the day has rolled over. */
+    fun bytesDownloadedToday(accountId: String): Long {
+        val window = windows[accountId] ?: return 0L
+        return if (window.dayEpoch == currentDayEpoch()) window.bytes else 0L
+    }
+
+    /** True once [accountId]'s tracked downloads for today reach [GmailSyncLimits.DAILY_DOWNLOAD_BUDGET_BYTES]. */
+    fun isOverDailyBudget(accountId: String): Boolean =
+        bytesDownloadedToday(accountId) >= GmailSyncLimits.DAILY_DOWNLOAD_BUDGET_BYTES
+
+    private fun currentDayEpoch(): Long = nowMillis() / MILLIS_PER_DAY
+
+    private companion object {
+        const val TAG = "GmailBandwidth"
+        const val MILLIS_PER_DAY = 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000L
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/src/main/kotlin/org/libremail/data/sync/GmailSyncLimits.kt b/app/src/main/kotlin/org/libremail/data/sync/GmailSyncLimits.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..804a2f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/src/main/kotlin/org/libremail/data/sync/GmailSyncLimits.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+package org.libremail.data.sync
+
+import org.libremail.domain.model.Account
+import org.libremail.domain.model.MailProvider
+
+/**
+ * Gmail's documented IMAP connection and bandwidth ceilings (issue #361) — the Gmail-specific config
+ * that feeds the shared, provider-agnostic pacing machinery ([AccountThrottleGate]'s reactive backoff,
+ * issue #360; [BackfillPacer]'s proactive inter-slice cooldown, issue #356) instead of reinventing
+ * either. Per-account, per-provider connection/bandwidth caps were deliberately deferred out of both
+ * (see [org.libremail.mail.ImapConnectionCache]'s "separate effort #356/#360-#364" note); this is
+ * Gmail's slice of that follow-up. Kept additive and provider-scoped — the sibling Yahoo (#362), iCloud
+ * (#363), and Outlook/Graph (#364) tickets land their own provider config independently.
+ *
+ * Values are Google's documented Gmail IMAP limits (as referenced by issue #361):
+ *  - 15 max simultaneous IMAP connections per account.
+ *  - 2,500 MB/day download, 500 MB/day upload.
+ *  - 10,000 messages per label, 10,000 labels.
+ *
+ * Pure data + provider detection only — no state, no logging (mirrors how [ThrottleBackoff] and
+ * [ThrottleClassifier] stay pure while [AccountThrottleGate] carries the state and logging). The
+ * stateful counterpart that actually tracks bytes against [DAILY_DOWNLOAD_BUDGET_BYTES] is
+ * [GmailBandwidthTracker].
+ */
+object GmailSyncLimits {
+    /** Gmail's documented simultaneous-IMAP-connection ceiling, per account. */
+    const val MAX_IMAP_CONNECTIONS = 15
+
+    /**
+     * Connections proactively reserved for interactive use (never spent by background sync/backfill),
+     * mirroring the "interactive-request priority over backfill" lever from the #360 umbrella issue.
+     * LibreMail's IMAP layer already keeps at most ONE reused connection per account
+     * ([org.libremail.mail.ImapConnectionCache], issue #125/#357) plus one dedicated IMAP-IDLE
+     * connection ([org.libremail.mail.ImapClient.idle]) — 2 total, well inside the resulting headroom
+     * regardless of this value — so today this is documented config for any future pooling work rather
+     * than something that needs active enforcement (see `GmailSyncLimitsTest` for the invariant that
+     * ties the two together).
+     */
+    const val INTERACTIVE_RESERVED_CONNECTIONS = 1
+
+    /** [MAX_IMAP_CONNECTIONS] minus [INTERACTIVE_RESERVED_CONNECTIONS] — background sync/backfill's budget. */
+    const val MAX_BACKGROUND_IMAP_CONNECTIONS = MAX_IMAP_CONNECTIONS - INTERACTIVE_RESERVED_CONNECTIONS
+
+    private const val BYTES_PER_MB = 1024L * 1024L
+
+    /**
+     * Gmail's documented daily download budget. [GmailBandwidthTracker] accumulates bytes actually
+     * pulled by background prefetch (see
+     * [org.libremail.data.repository.MailRepositoryImpl.prefetchMessage]) against this; [MailBackfiller]
+     * and [MailSyncer] defer further prefetch for an account once it is reached, resuming automatically
+     * the next day. Interactive fetches (opening a message, downloading a tapped attachment, loading
+     * inline images) are never gated by it — the same interactive-priority principle #355/#360 already
+     * apply elsewhere.
+     */
+    const val DAILY_DOWNLOAD_BUDGET_BYTES = 2_500L * BYTES_PER_MB
+
+    /**
+     * Gmail's documented daily upload budget (SMTP send). Captured here for completeness against
+     * issue #361's documented limits; sending/composing is a separate path from this issue's
+     * sync/backfill scope, so it is not enforced by this change.
+     */
+    const val DAILY_UPLOAD_BUDGET_BYTES = 500L * BYTES_PER_MB
+
+    /** Gmail's documented per-label message ceiling. */
+    const val MAX_MESSAGES_PER_LABEL = 10_000
+
+    /** Gmail's documented total-labels ceiling. */
+    const val MAX_LABELS = 10_000
+
+    /**
+     * True when [account]'s IMAP host resolves to [MailProvider.GMAIL] (including its legacy
+     * `imap.googlemail.com` alias) — the single place issue #361's caps decide "is this Gmail".
+     */
+    fun appliesTo(account: Account): Boolean = MailProvider.forImapHost(account.imap.host) == MailProvider.GMAIL
+}
diff --git a/app/src/main/kotlin/org/libremail/data/sync/MailBackfiller.kt b/app/src/main/kotlin/org/libremail/data/sync/MailBackfiller.kt
index 42bb8f0..00001e2 100644
--- a/app/src/main/kotlin/org/libremail/data/sync/MailBackfiller.kt
+++ b/app/src/main/kotlin/org/libremail/data/sync/MailBackfiller.kt
@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ class MailBackfiller @Inject constructor(
     private val maintenanceGate: MailMaintenanceGate,
     private val throttleGate: AccountThrottleGate,
     private val interactiveGate: InteractiveImapGate,
+    private val bandwidthTracker: GmailBandwidthTracker,
 ) {
     /** One folder's slice outcome: pages fetched, and whether an immediate follow-up slice has work to do. */
     private data class FolderResult(val batches: Int, val moreWork: Boolean)
@@ -214,7 +215,7 @@ class MailBackfiller @Inject constructor(
             }
             beforeUid = nextBeforeUid
             backfillProgressDao.upsert(BackfillProgressEntity(account.id, folder, beforeUid, complete = false))
-            prefetchIfEnabled(entities.map { it.id })
+            prefetchIfEnabled(account, entities.map { it.id })
             // Breathe between pages so a large mailbox doesn't hammer the server.
             delay(BACKFILL_BATCH_DELAY_MS)
         }
@@ -293,7 +294,7 @@ class MailBackfiller @Inject constructor(
      * Best-effort and cancellable between messages so an interruption stops promptly; anything not
      * fetched is filled in lazily when the message is opened.
      */
-    private suspend fun prefetchIfEnabled(ids: List<String>) {
+    private suspend fun prefetchIfEnabled(account: Account, ids: List<String>) {
         // Debug-only fetch gate (issue #393): pause proactive body prefetch so a later open is a genuine
         // uncached fetch. Header paging above is untouched (its own gate is the BackfillWorker entry), so
         // history still lands; a skipped body is filled in lazily on open. Compiled out of release
@@ -308,6 +309,17 @@ class MailBackfiller @Inject constructor(
             battery = batteryStatusProvider.current(),
         )
         if (!shouldPrefetch) return
+        // Gmail-specific proactive bandwidth pacing (#361): once this account's tracked downloads for
+        // today reach Gmail's documented daily budget, defer body/attachment prefetch for the rest of
+        // the day instead of continuing to spend it — header paging above is unaffected, and a fresh
+        // cycle resumes automatically once the day rolls over (GmailBandwidthTracker). Orthogonal to
+        // the #360 throttle skip above (which only fires once the provider actually rejects a request)
+        // and #356's BackfillPacer (which paces slice cadence, not bytes) — same graceful-degradation
+        // shape as both, composing rather than duplicating either.
+        if (GmailSyncLimits.appliesTo(account) && bandwidthTracker.isOverDailyBudget(account.id)) {
+            AppLog.i(TAG, "prefetch deferred ${accountLogRef(account.id)}: Gmail daily download budget reached")
+            return
+        }
         for (id in ids) {
             currentCoroutineContext().ensureActive()
             mailRepository.prefetchMessage(id)
diff --git a/app/src/main/kotlin/org/libremail/data/sync/MailSyncer.kt b/app/src/main/kotlin/org/libremail/data/sync/MailSyncer.kt
index e2f0814..426860c 100644
--- a/app/src/main/kotlin/org/libremail/data/sync/MailSyncer.kt
+++ b/app/src/main/kotlin/org/libremail/data/sync/MailSyncer.kt
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ class MailSyncer @Inject constructor(
     private val notifier: MailNotifier,
     private val mailRepository: MailRepository,
     private val throttleGate: AccountThrottleGate,
+    private val bandwidthTracker: GmailBandwidthTracker,
 ) : Syncer {
     // Serializes all syncing: syncAll/syncAccount/syncFolder are invoked concurrently by the periodic
     // worker, pull-to-refresh, one-shot syncs, folder opens, and one IDLE watcher per account. Without
@@ -187,6 +188,17 @@ class MailSyncer @Inject constructor(
             battery = batteryStatusProvider.current(),
         )
         if (!shouldPrefetch) return
+        // Gmail-specific proactive bandwidth pacing (#361): once this account's tracked downloads for
+        // today reach Gmail's documented daily budget, defer body/attachment prefetch for the rest of
+        // the day instead of continuing to spend it — header sync above is unaffected, and a fresh
+        // cycle resumes automatically once the day rolls over (GmailBandwidthTracker). Orthogonal to
+        // #360's reactive AccountThrottleGate (only fires once the provider actually rejects a request)
+        // and #356's BackfillPacer (paces backfill slice cadence, not bytes) — same graceful-degradation
+        // shape as both, composing rather than duplicating either.
+        if (GmailSyncLimits.appliesTo(account) && bandwidthTracker.isOverDailyBudget(account.id)) {
+            AppLog.i(TAG, "prefetch deferred ${accountLogRef(account.id)}: Gmail daily download budget reached")
+            return
+        }
         for (id in messageDao.getUnfetchedIds(account.id, folder)) {
             currentCoroutineContext().ensureActive()
             mailRepository.prefetchMessage(id) // best-effort; swallows its own per-message failures
diff --git a/app/src/test/kotlin/org/libremail/data/repository/MailRepositoryGrantsTest.kt b/app/src/test/kotlin/org/libremail/data/repository/MailRepositoryGrantsTest.kt
index 805955c..fcc9f83 100644
--- a/app/src/test/kotlin/org/libremail/data/repository/MailRepositoryGrantsTest.kt
+++ b/app/src/test/kotlin/org/libremail/data/repository/MailRepositoryGrantsTest.kt
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import org.libremail.data.local.dao.DraftDao
 import org.libremail.data.local.dao.OutboxDao
 import org.libremail.data.local.entity.DraftEntity
 import org.libremail.data.local.entity.OutboxEntity
+import org.libremail.data.sync.GmailBandwidthTracker
 import org.libremail.data.sync.InteractiveImapGate
 import java.nio.file.Files
 
@@ -47,6 +48,7 @@ class MailRepositoryGrantsTest {
         signatureRepository = mockk(relaxed = true),
         attachmentUriGrants = attachmentUriGrants,
         interactiveGate = InteractiveImapGate(),
+        bandwidthTracker = GmailBandwidthTracker(),
     )
 
     @Test
diff --git a/app/src/test/kotlin/org/libremail/data/repository/MailRepositoryImplCoverageTest.kt b/app/src/test/kotlin/org/libremail/data/repository/MailRepositoryImplCoverageTest.kt
index 46afc61..6690a04 100644
--- a/app/src/test/kotlin/org/libremail/data/repository/MailRepositoryImplCoverageTest.kt
+++ b/app/src/test/kotlin/org/libremail/data/repository/MailRepositoryImplCoverageTest.kt
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ import org.libremail.data.local.entity.OutboxEntity
 import org.libremail.data.local.entity.ServerConfigEmbedded
 import org.libremail.data.settings.AccountSettingsRepository
 import org.libremail.data.settings.SignatureRepository
+import org.libremail.data.sync.GmailBandwidthTracker
 import org.libremail.data.sync.InteractiveImapGate
 import org.libremail.data.sync.MailConnectionFactory
 import org.libremail.data.sync.SendScheduler
@@ -99,6 +100,7 @@ class MailRepositoryImplCoverageTest {
         signatureRepository = signatureRepository,
         attachmentUriGrants = mockk<AttachmentUriGrants>(relaxed = true),
         interactiveGate = InteractiveImapGate(),
+        bandwidthTracker = GmailBandwidthTracker(),
     )
 
     // openMessage now breadcrumbs via AppLog (issue #358); android.util.Log is a no-op stub under plain
diff --git a/app/src/test/kotlin/org/libremail/data/repository/MailRepositoryImplTest.kt b/app/src/test/kotlin/org/libremail/data/repository/MailRepositoryImplTest.kt
index 36a22fc..50413b5 100644
--- a/app/src/test/kotlin/org/libremail/data/repository/MailRepositoryImplTest.kt
+++ b/app/src/test/kotlin/org/libremail/data/repository/MailRepositoryImplTest.kt
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ import org.libremail.data.local.entity.MessageSummary
 import org.libremail.data.local.entity.ServerConfigEmbedded
 import org.libremail.data.settings.AccountSettingsRepository
 import org.libremail.data.settings.SignatureRepository
+import org.libremail.data.sync.GmailBandwidthTracker
 import org.libremail.data.sync.InteractiveImapGate
 import org.libremail.data.sync.MailConnectionFactory
 import org.libremail.domain.model.AccountSettings
@@ -78,6 +79,9 @@ class MailRepositoryImplTest {
 
     // A real gate (cheap, no deps) so tests can observe the interactive-fetch counter it raises (#355).
     private val interactiveGate = InteractiveImapGate()
+
+    // A real tracker (cheap, no deps) so tests can observe Gmail's daily download-budget accounting (#361).
+    private val bandwidthTracker = GmailBandwidthTracker()
     private val repository = MailRepositoryImpl(
         context = context,
         messageDao = messageDao,
@@ -94,6 +98,7 @@ class MailRepositoryImplTest {
         // Grant-release wiring (deleteDraft / cancelOutboxMessage) is covered by MailRepositoryGrantsTest.
         attachmentUriGrants = mockk(relaxed = true),
         interactiveGate = interactiveGate,
+        bandwidthTracker = bandwidthTracker,
     )
 
     // openMessage now breadcrumbs via AppLog (issue #358); android.util.Log is a no-op stub under plain
@@ -411,6 +416,48 @@ class MailRepositoryImplTest {
         assertEquals("Reply to <ada@example.org>: 3 < 5", snippet.captured)
     }
 
+    // --- issue #361: Gmail bandwidth-aware prefetch pacing ----------------------------------------
+
+    @Test
+    fun `prefetchMessage records the fetched body and attachment bytes for a gmail account`() = runTest {
+        val cache = Files.createTempDirectory("attach").toFile()
+        every { context.cacheDir } returns cache
+        val id = "acct:INBOX:22"
+        val body = "Hello world"
+        coEvery { messageDao.getRouting(id) } returns messageRouting(id, "INBOX")
+        coEvery { accountDao.getById("acct") } returns
+            accountEntity().copy(imap = ServerConfigEmbedded("imap.gmail.com", 993, "SSL_TLS"))
+        coEvery { connectionFactory.imapParamsFor(any()) } returns imapParams()
+        coEvery { imapClient.fetchBodyPeek(any(), "INBOX", "22") } returns MessageContent(body, isHtml = false)
+        coEvery { messageDao.updateBody(id, any(), any(), any()) } just Runs
+        coEvery { attachmentDao.getForMessage(id) } returns listOf(attachmentEntity(id, 0, "photo.jpg"))
+        coEvery { imapClient.fetchAttachment(any(), "INBOX", "22", 0) } returns
+            DownloadedAttachment("photo.jpg", "image/jpeg", ByteArray(500))
+
+        repository.prefetchMessage(id)
+
+        val expectedBytes = body.toByteArray(Charsets.UTF_8).size + 500
+        assertEquals(expectedBytes.toLong(), bandwidthTracker.bytesDownloadedToday("acct"))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun `prefetchMessage does not track bytes for a non-gmail account`() = runTest {
+        val cache = Files.createTempDirectory("attach").toFile()
+        every { context.cacheDir } returns cache
+        val id = "acct:INBOX:23"
+        coEvery { messageDao.getRouting(id) } returns messageRouting(id, "INBOX")
+        coEvery { accountDao.getById("acct") } returns accountEntity() // non-Gmail host (imap.example.org)
+        coEvery { connectionFactory.imapParamsFor(any()) } returns imapParams()
+        coEvery { imapClient.fetchBodyPeek(any(), "INBOX", "23") } returns
+            MessageContent("Hello world", isHtml = false)
+        coEvery { messageDao.updateBody(id, any(), any(), any()) } just Runs
+        coEvery { attachmentDao.getForMessage(id) } returns emptyList()
+
+        repository.prefetchMessage(id)
+
+        assertEquals(0L, bandwidthTracker.bytesDownloadedToday("acct"))
+    }
+
     @Test
     fun `archive moves messages to the account's archive folder and drops the local rows`() = runTest {
         val id = "acct:INBOX:5"
diff --git a/app/src/test/kotlin/org/libremail/data/sync/GmailBandwidthTrackerTest.kt b/app/src/test/kotlin/org/libremail/data/sync/GmailBandwidthTrackerTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0ce7c4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/src/test/kotlin/org/libremail/data/sync/GmailBandwidthTrackerTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+package org.libremail.data.sync
+
+import android.util.Log
+import io.mockk.every
+import io.mockk.mockkStatic
+import io.mockk.unmockkAll
+import org.junit.After
+import org.junit.Before
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.libremail.reporting.AppLog
+import org.libremail.reporting.RingLogBuffer
+import kotlin.test.assertEquals
+import kotlin.test.assertFalse
+import kotlin.test.assertTrue
+
+/**
+ * [GmailBandwidthTracker] (issue #361) must accumulate an account's daily download bytes, isolate
+ * accounts from one another, roll its window over at the day boundary, report the daily-budget
+ * threshold accurately, and log only a PII-free, once-per-crossing breadcrumb. Mirrors
+ * [AccountThrottleGateTest]'s virtual-clock idiom (a plain injected `nowMillis` instead of
+ * coroutines-test virtual time, since the tracker itself is not a suspend API).
+ */
+class GmailBandwidthTrackerTest {
+
+    private val logBuffer = RingLogBuffer()
+
+    /** A manual clock for the day-rollover tests; [tracker] reads it live, so tests advance it by hand. */
+    private var now = 0L
+
+    private fun tracker() = GmailBandwidthTracker(nowMillis = { now })
+
+    @Before
+    fun setUp() {
+        // AppLog forwards to android.util.Log, a throwing no-op stub under plain JVM unit tests.
+        mockkStatic(Log::class)
+        every { Log.w(any<String>(), any<String>()) } returns 0
+        AppLog.install(logBuffer)
+    }
+
+    @After
+    fun tearDown() = unmockkAll()
+
+    @Test
+    fun `bytes accumulate across calls for the same account and day`() {
+        val tracker = tracker()
+
+        tracker.recordDownload("acct", 100L)
+        tracker.recordDownload("acct", 250L)
+
+        assertEquals(350L, tracker.bytesDownloadedToday("acct"))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun `an untracked account reports zero bytes and is not over budget`() {
+        val tracker = tracker()
+
+        assertEquals(0L, tracker.bytesDownloadedToday("acct"))
+        assertFalse(tracker.isOverDailyBudget("acct"))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun `crossing the daily download budget marks the account over budget`() {
+        val tracker = tracker()
+
+        tracker.recordDownload("acct", GmailSyncLimits.DAILY_DOWNLOAD_BUDGET_BYTES - 1)
+        assertFalse(tracker.isOverDailyBudget("acct"), "one byte under budget must not trip it")
+
+        tracker.recordDownload("acct", 1L)
+        assertTrue(tracker.isOverDailyBudget("acct"), "reaching the budget exactly must trip it")
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun `a tracked account never affects another account's budget`() {
+        val tracker = tracker()
+
+        tracker.recordDownload("heavy", GmailSyncLimits.DAILY_DOWNLOAD_BUDGET_BYTES)
+
+        assertTrue(tracker.isOverDailyBudget("heavy"))
+        assertFalse(tracker.isOverDailyBudget("light"))
+        assertEquals(0L, tracker.bytesDownloadedToday("light"))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun `a new day resets the tracked total instead of carrying it forward`() {
+        val tracker = tracker()
+        val oneDayMs = 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000L
+
+        tracker.recordDownload("acct", GmailSyncLimits.DAILY_DOWNLOAD_BUDGET_BYTES)
+        assertTrue(tracker.isOverDailyBudget("acct"))
+
+        now += oneDayMs
+        assertFalse(tracker.isOverDailyBudget("acct"), "a new day must clear yesterday's total")
+        assertEquals(0L, tracker.bytesDownloadedToday("acct"))
+
+        tracker.recordDownload("acct", 10L)
+        assertEquals(10L, tracker.bytesDownloadedToday("acct"), "today's total starts fresh, not carried over")
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun `recording zero or negative bytes is a no-op`() {
+        val tracker = tracker()
+
+        tracker.recordDownload("acct", 0L)
+        tracker.recordDownload("acct", -5L)
+
+        assertEquals(0L, tracker.bytesDownloadedToday("acct"))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun `crossing the budget logs exactly once and stays PII-free`() {
+        val tracker = tracker()
+        val accountId = "imap:user@example.org"
+
+        tracker.recordDownload(accountId, GmailSyncLimits.DAILY_DOWNLOAD_BUDGET_BYTES) // crosses
+        tracker.recordDownload(accountId, 10L) // still over budget; must not log again
+
+        val messages = logBuffer.snapshot().map { it.message }
+        assertEquals(1, messages.count { it.contains("daily download budget reached") })
+        messages.forEach { assertFalse(it.contains("user@example.org"), it) }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun `staying under budget never logs`() {
+        val tracker = tracker()
+
+        tracker.recordDownload("acct", GmailSyncLimits.DAILY_DOWNLOAD_BUDGET_BYTES - 1)
+
+        assertTrue(logBuffer.snapshot().isEmpty())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/src/test/kotlin/org/libremail/data/sync/GmailSyncLimitsTest.kt b/app/src/test/kotlin/org/libremail/data/sync/GmailSyncLimitsTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3ed6094
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/src/test/kotlin/org/libremail/data/sync/GmailSyncLimitsTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+package org.libremail.data.sync
+
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.libremail.domain.model.Account
+import org.libremail.domain.model.MailProvider
+import kotlin.test.assertEquals
+import kotlin.test.assertFalse
+import kotlin.test.assertTrue
+
+/**
+ * Locks down Gmail's documented IMAP connection/bandwidth ceilings (issue #361) — easy to mistype and
+ * painful to debug on-device, so the exact figures are asserted here rather than trusted to a code
+ * review (mirrors [org.libremail.domain.model.MailProviderTest]'s rationale for the provider presets).
+ */
+class GmailSyncLimitsTest {
+
+    @Test
+    fun `documented connection and bandwidth ceilings match Gmail's published limits`() {
+        assertEquals(15, GmailSyncLimits.MAX_IMAP_CONNECTIONS)
+        assertEquals(1, GmailSyncLimits.INTERACTIVE_RESERVED_CONNECTIONS)
+        assertEquals(14, GmailSyncLimits.MAX_BACKGROUND_IMAP_CONNECTIONS)
+        assertEquals(2_500L * 1024 * 1024, GmailSyncLimits.DAILY_DOWNLOAD_BUDGET_BYTES)
+        assertEquals(500L * 1024 * 1024, GmailSyncLimits.DAILY_UPLOAD_BUDGET_BYTES)
+        assertEquals(10_000, GmailSyncLimits.MAX_MESSAGES_PER_LABEL)
+        assertEquals(10_000, GmailSyncLimits.MAX_LABELS)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Ties Gmail's documented ceiling to today's actual architecture: [org.libremail.mail.ImapConnectionCache]
+     * (#125/#357) keeps at most ONE reused connection per account, plus `ImapClient.idle`'s own dedicated
+     * IDLE connection — 2 total, regardless of provider. Asserting that invariant against the real
+     * headroom-adjusted cap means a future change that grows per-account concurrency (e.g. a real
+     * connection pool) trips this test well before it could ever approach Gmail's actual ceiling.
+     */
+    @Test
+    fun `today's architecture keeps concurrent connections per account well inside the background budget`() {
+        val knownConcurrentConnectionsPerAccount = 2 // one reused IMAP connection + one dedicated IDLE connection
+        assertTrue(knownConcurrentConnectionsPerAccount <= GmailSyncLimits.MAX_BACKGROUND_IMAP_CONNECTIONS)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun `appliesTo is true for a gmail account, including the legacy googlemail host`() {
+        val gmail = MailProvider.GMAIL.createAccount("user@gmail.com")
+        assertTrue(GmailSyncLimits.appliesTo(gmail))
+
+        val legacyHost = gmail.copy(imap = gmail.imap.copy(host = "imap.googlemail.com"))
+        assertTrue(GmailSyncLimits.appliesTo(legacyHost))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun `appliesTo is false for a non-gmail account`() {
+        assertFalse(GmailSyncLimits.appliesTo(MailProvider.YAHOO.createAccount("user@yahoo.com")))
+        assertFalse(GmailSyncLimits.appliesTo(MailProvider.ICLOUD.createAccount("user@icloud.com")))
+        assertFalse(GmailSyncLimits.appliesTo(MailProvider.AOL.createAccount("user@aol.com")))
+        assertFalse(GmailSyncLimits.appliesTo(Account.outlook("user@outlook.com")))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/src/test/kotlin/org/libremail/data/sync/MailBackfillerTest.kt b/app/src/test/kotlin/org/libremail/data/sync/MailBackfillerTest.kt
index 4a9ad75..b9948e1 100644
--- a/app/src/test/kotlin/org/libremail/data/sync/MailBackfillerTest.kt
+++ b/app/src/test/kotlin/org/libremail/data/sync/MailBackfillerTest.kt
@@ -606,6 +606,57 @@ class MailBackfillerTest {
         coVerify(atLeast = 1) { imapClient.fetchOlderThan(any(), any(), any(), any()) }
     }
 
+    // --- issue #361: Gmail bandwidth-aware prefetch pacing ----------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Once a Gmail account's tracked downloads for today reach the documented daily budget, backfill's
+     * body/attachment prefetch is deferred for the rest of the day — but header paging (the history
+     * itself) is untouched, the same "prefetch-only" gating shape as the low-battery (#89) and
+     * fetch-gate (#393) tests above.
+     */
+    @Test
+    fun `gmail prefetch defers once the daily download budget is reached, but header paging is unaffected`() = runTest {
+        appendMessages(60)
+        seedForegroundWindow()
+        val gmailAccount = accountEntity.copy(imap = ServerConfigEmbedded("imap.gmail.com", 993, "SSL_TLS"))
+        val tracker = GmailBandwidthTracker().apply {
+            recordDownload("acct", GmailSyncLimits.DAILY_DOWNLOAD_BUDGET_BYTES)
+        }
+
+        backfiller(
+            AccountSettings("acct"),
+            fetchPolicy = FetchPolicy.ALWAYS,
+            bandwidthTracker = tracker,
+            account = gmailAccount,
+        ).runBackfill()
+
+        assertEquals(60, distinctCachedUids().size, "header paging itself is not budget-gated")
+        coVerify(exactly = 0) { requireNotNull(lastMailRepository).prefetchMessage(any()) }
+        assertTrue(
+            logBuffer.snapshot().any { it.message.startsWith("prefetch deferred acct:") },
+            "a PII-free deferral breadcrumb is recorded",
+        )
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The Gmail bandwidth budget is provider-scoped, not a blanket cap: an over-budget tracker entry
+     * for the same account id must not affect a non-Gmail account's prefetch.
+     */
+    @Test
+    fun `a non-gmail account's prefetch is unaffected by an over-budget gmail bandwidth tracker`() = runTest {
+        appendMessages(60)
+        seedForegroundWindow()
+        val tracker = GmailBandwidthTracker().apply {
+            recordDownload("acct", GmailSyncLimits.DAILY_DOWNLOAD_BUDGET_BYTES)
+        }
+
+        // account defaults to the fixture's non-Gmail (127.0.0.1) host.
+        backfiller(AccountSettings("acct"), fetchPolicy = FetchPolicy.ALWAYS, bandwidthTracker = tracker)
+            .runBackfill()
+
+        coVerify(atLeast = 1) { requireNotNull(lastMailRepository).prefetchMessage(any()) }
+    }
+
     // --- issue #329: AppLog breadcrumbs ---------------------------------------------------------
 
     @Test
@@ -686,9 +737,11 @@ class MailBackfillerTest {
         imapClient: ImapClient = client,
         throttleGate: AccountThrottleGate = AccountThrottleGate(),
         interactiveGate: InteractiveImapGate = InteractiveImapGate(),
+        bandwidthTracker: GmailBandwidthTracker = GmailBandwidthTracker(),
+        account: AccountEntity = accountEntity,
     ): MailBackfiller {
         val accountDao = mockk<AccountDao>()
-        coEvery { accountDao.getAll() } returns listOf(accountEntity)
+        coEvery { accountDao.getAll() } returns listOf(account)
 
         val messageDao = mockk<MessageDao>(relaxed = true)
         coEvery { messageDao.insertNew(any()) } answers {
@@ -743,6 +796,7 @@ class MailBackfillerTest {
             maintenanceGate = MailMaintenanceGate(),
             throttleGate = throttleGate,
             interactiveGate = interactiveGate,
+            bandwidthTracker = bandwidthTracker,
         ).also {
             lastMessageDao = messageDao
             lastMailRepository = mailRepository
diff --git a/app/src/test/kotlin/org/libremail/data/sync/MailMaintenanceGateTest.kt b/app/src/test/kotlin/org/libremail/data/sync/MailMaintenanceGateTest.kt
index 410f941..50790f1 100644
--- a/app/src/test/kotlin/org/libremail/data/sync/MailMaintenanceGateTest.kt
+++ b/app/src/test/kotlin/org/libremail/data/sync/MailMaintenanceGateTest.kt
@@ -202,6 +202,7 @@ class MailMaintenanceGateTest {
             maintenanceGate = gate,
             throttleGate = AccountThrottleGate(),
             interactiveGate = InteractiveImapGate(),
+            bandwidthTracker = GmailBandwidthTracker(),
         )
     }
 
diff --git a/app/src/test/kotlin/org/libremail/data/sync/MailSyncConcurrencyTest.kt b/app/src/test/kotlin/org/libremail/data/sync/MailSyncConcurrencyTest.kt
index c659e8e..10c0a8c 100644
--- a/app/src/test/kotlin/org/libremail/data/sync/MailSyncConcurrencyTest.kt
+++ b/app/src/test/kotlin/org/libremail/data/sync/MailSyncConcurrencyTest.kt
@@ -331,6 +331,7 @@ class MailSyncConcurrencyTest {
             notifier = mockk(relaxed = true),
             mailRepository = mockk(relaxed = true),
             throttleGate = AccountThrottleGate(),
+            bandwidthTracker = GmailBandwidthTracker(),
         )
     }
 
@@ -362,6 +363,7 @@ class MailSyncConcurrencyTest {
             maintenanceGate = MailMaintenanceGate(),
             throttleGate = AccountThrottleGate(),
             interactiveGate = InteractiveImapGate(),
+            bandwidthTracker = GmailBandwidthTracker(),
         )
     }
 
diff --git a/app/src/test/kotlin/org/libremail/data/sync/MailSyncerTest.kt b/app/src/test/kotlin/org/libremail/data/sync/MailSyncerTest.kt
index 1f5e611..0e36516 100644
--- a/app/src/test/kotlin/org/libremail/data/sync/MailSyncerTest.kt
+++ b/app/src/test/kotlin/org/libremail/data/sync/MailSyncerTest.kt
@@ -95,9 +95,11 @@ class MailSyncerTest {
         battery: BatteryStatus = BatteryStatus(percent = 100, isCharging = false),
         fetched: List<FetchedMessage> = emptyList(),
         throttleGate: AccountThrottleGate = AccountThrottleGate(),
+        bandwidthTracker: GmailBandwidthTracker = GmailBandwidthTracker(),
+        accountEntity: AccountEntity = account,
     ): MailSyncer {
         val accountDao = mockk<AccountDao>()
-        coEvery { accountDao.getById("acct") } returns account
+        coEvery { accountDao.getById("acct") } returns accountEntity
         val messageDao = mockk<MessageDao>(relaxed = true)
         coEvery { messageDao.getSyncedIds(any(), any()) } returns emptyList()
         coEvery { messageDao.getUnfetchedIds("acct", "INBOX") } returns listOf("acct:INBOX:1")
@@ -124,6 +126,7 @@ class MailSyncerTest {
             notifier = mockk<MailNotifier>(relaxed = true),
             mailRepository = mailRepository,
             throttleGate = throttleGate,
+            bandwidthTracker = bandwidthTracker,
         )
     }
 
@@ -282,6 +285,43 @@ class MailSyncerTest {
         coVerify { repo.prefetchMessage("acct:INBOX:1") }
     }
 
+    // --- issue #361: Gmail bandwidth-aware prefetch pacing ----------------------------------------
+
+    @Test
+    fun `gmail prefetch defers once the daily download budget is reached, leaving the header sync untouched`() =
+        runTest {
+            val repo = mockk<MailRepository>(relaxed = true)
+            val gmailAccount = account.copy(imap = ServerConfigEmbedded("imap.gmail.com", 993, "SSL_TLS"))
+            val tracker = GmailBandwidthTracker().apply {
+                recordDownload("acct", GmailSyncLimits.DAILY_DOWNLOAD_BUDGET_BYTES)
+            }
+
+            val result = syncer(
+                FetchPolicy.ALWAYS,
+                repo,
+                accountEntity = gmailAccount,
+                bandwidthTracker = tracker,
+            ).syncFolder("acct", "INBOX")
+
+            assertEquals(0, result.getOrNull()) // header sync still ran and succeeded
+            coVerify(exactly = 0) { repo.prefetchMessage(any()) }
+            assertTrue(logBuffer.snapshot().any { it.message.startsWith("prefetch deferred acct:") })
+        }
+
+    @Test
+    fun `a non-gmail account's prefetch is unaffected by an over-budget gmail bandwidth tracker`() = runTest {
+        val repo = mockk<MailRepository>()
+        coEvery { repo.prefetchMessage(any()) } returns Result.success(Unit)
+        val tracker = GmailBandwidthTracker().apply {
+            recordDownload("acct", GmailSyncLimits.DAILY_DOWNLOAD_BUDGET_BYTES)
+        }
+
+        // accountEntity defaults to the fixture's non-Gmail (imap.example.org) host.
+        syncer(FetchPolicy.ALWAYS, repo, bandwidthTracker = tracker).syncFolder("acct", "INBOX")
+
+        coVerify { repo.prefetchMessage("acct:INBOX:1") }
+    }
+
     @Test
     fun `notifies for new mail when both global and per-account notifications are enabled`() = runTest {
         val notifier = mockk<MailNotifier>(relaxed = true)
@@ -340,6 +380,7 @@ class MailSyncerTest {
             notifier = notifier,
             mailRepository = mockk(relaxed = true),
             throttleGate = AccountThrottleGate(),
+            bandwidthTracker = GmailBandwidthTracker(),
         )
     }
 
@@ -423,6 +464,7 @@ class MailSyncerTest {
             notifier = mockk(relaxed = true),
             mailRepository = mockk(relaxed = true),
             throttleGate = AccountThrottleGate(),
+            bandwidthTracker = GmailBandwidthTracker(),
         )
     }
 
diff --git a/config/detekt/detekt.yml b/config/detekt/detekt.yml
index 6458d26..3bb9f85 100644
--- a/config/detekt/detekt.yml
+++ b/config/detekt/detekt.yml
@@ -75,6 +75,9 @@ style:
       - '**/data/sync/AccountThrottleGateTest.kt'
       # #356 backfill pacer: cooldown/cap/skip breadcrumbs through AppLog, so this suite mockkStatic(Log) too.
       - '**/data/sync/BackfillPacerTest.kt'
+      # #361 Gmail bandwidth tracker: the daily-budget-crossing breadcrumb goes through AppLog, so this
+      # suite mockkStatic(Log) too.
+      - '**/data/sync/GmailBandwidthTrackerTest.kt'
       # Reader-path perf logging (issue #358): the repository's openMessage and the reader ViewModel
       # log via AppLog, so their unit tests mockkStatic(Log) too.
       - '**/data/repository/MailRepositoryImplTest.kt'